datetime --- 日期與時間的基本型別

原始碼：Lib/datetime.py

---

datetime 模組提供操作日期與時間的類別。

While date and time arithmetic is supported, the focus of the implementation is on efficient attribute extraction for output formatting and manipulation.

小訣竅

跳轉至格式碼 (format codes)。

也參考

calendar 模組

與日曆相關的一般函式。

time 模組

Time access and conversions.

zoneinfo 模組

Concrete time zones representing the IANA time zone database.

dateutil 套件

帶有時區與剖析擴充支援的第三方函式庫。

DateType 套件

Third-party library that introduces distinct static types to for example, allow static type checkers to differentiate between naive and aware datetimes.

Aware and naive objects

Date and time objects may be categorized as "aware" or "naive" depending on whether or not they include time zone information.

With sufficient knowledge of applicable algorithmic and political time adjustments, such as time zone and daylight saving time information, an aware object can locate itself relative to other aware objects. An aware object represents a specific moment in time that is not open to interpretation. [1]

A naive object does not contain enough information to unambiguously locate itself relative to other date/time objects. Whether a naive object represents Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), local time, or time in some other time zone is purely up to the program, just like it is up to the program whether a particular number represents metres, miles, or mass. Naive objects are easy to understand and to work with, at the cost of ignoring some aspects of reality.

For applications requiring aware objects, datetime and time objects have an optional time zone information attribute, tzinfo, that can be set to an instance of a subclass of the abstract tzinfo class. These tzinfo objects capture information about the offset from UTC time, the time zone name, and whether daylight saving time is in effect.

Only one concrete tzinfo class, the timezone class, is supplied by the datetime module. The timezone class can represent simple time zones with fixed offsets from UTC, such as UTC itself or North American EST and EDT time zones. Supporting time zones at deeper levels of detail is up to the application. The rules for time adjustment across the world are more political than rational, change frequently, and there is no standard suitable for every application aside from UTC.

常數

datetime 模組匯出以下常數：

datetime.MINYEAR

The smallest year number allowed in a date or datetime object. MINYEAR is 1.

datetime.MAXYEAR

The largest year number allowed in a date or datetime object. MAXYEAR is 9999.

datetime.UTC

Alias for the UTC time zone singleton datetime.timezone.utc.

在 3.11 版被加入.

Available types

class datetime.date

An idealized naive date, assuming the current Gregorian calendar always was, and always will be, in effect. Attributes: year, month, and day.

class datetime.time

An idealized time, independent of any particular day, assuming that every day has exactly 24*60*60 seconds. (There is no notion of "leap seconds" here.) Attributes: hour, minute, second, microsecond, and tzinfo.

class datetime.datetime

A combination of a date and a time. Attributes: year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond, and tzinfo.

class datetime.timedelta

表示兩個 datetime 或 date 實例之間時間的差異，以微秒為解析度。

class datetime.tzinfo

An abstract base class for time zone information objects. These are used by the datetime and time classes to provide a customizable notion of time adjustment (for example, to account for time zone and/or daylight saving time).

class datetime.timezone

A class that implements the tzinfo abstract base class as a fixed offset from the UTC.

在 3.2 版被加入.

Objects of these types are immutable.

Subclass relationships:

常見屬性

The date, datetime, time, and timezone types share these common features:

• Objects of these types are immutable.

• Objects of these types are hashable, meaning that they can be used as dictionary keys.

• Objects of these types support efficient pickling via the pickle module.

Determining if an object is aware or naive

Objects of the date type are always naive.

An object of type time or datetime may be aware or naive.

A datetime object d is aware if both of the following hold:

1. d.tzinfo 不是 None

2. d.tzinfo.utcoffset(d) 不會回傳 None

否則 d 會是 naive 的。

A time object t is aware if both of the following hold:

1. t.tzinfo 不是 None

2. t.tzinfo.utcoffset(None) 沒有回傳 None。

否則 t 會是 naive 的。

The distinction between aware and naive doesn't apply to timedelta objects.

timedelta 物件

一個 timedelta 物件代表著一段持續時間，即兩個 datetime 或 date 之間的差異。

class datetime.timedelta(days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, milliseconds=0, minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0)

All arguments are optional and default to 0. Arguments may be integers or floats, and may be positive or negative.

Only days, seconds and microseconds are stored internally. Arguments are converted to those units:

• 一毫秒會被轉換為 1000 微秒。

• 一分鐘會被轉換為 60 秒。

• 一小時會被轉換為 3600 秒。

• 一週會被轉換為 7 天。

and days, seconds and microseconds are then normalized so that the representation is unique, with

• 0 <= microseconds < 1000000

• 0 <= seconds < 3600*24 (the number of seconds in one day)

• -999999999 <= days <= 999999999

The following example illustrates how any arguments besides days, seconds and microseconds are "merged" and normalized into those three resulting attributes:

>>> import datetime as dt
>>> delta = dt.timedelta(
...     days=50,
...     seconds=27,
...     microseconds=10,
...     milliseconds=29000,
...     minutes=5,
...     hours=8,
...     weeks=2
... )
>>> # Only days, seconds, and microseconds remain
>>> delta
datetime.timedelta(days=64, seconds=29156, microseconds=10)

小訣竅

import datetime as dt instead of import datetime or from datetime import datetime to avoid confusion between the module and the class. See How I Import Python’s datetime Module.

If any argument is a float and there are fractional microseconds, the fractional microseconds left over from all arguments are combined and their sum is rounded to the nearest microsecond using round-half-to-even tiebreaker. If no argument is a float, the conversion and normalization processes are exact (no information is lost).

If the normalized value of days lies outside the indicated range, OverflowError is raised.

Note that normalization of negative values may be surprising at first. For example:

>>> import datetime as dt
>>> d = dt.timedelta(microseconds=-1)
>>> (d.days, d.seconds, d.microseconds)
(-1, 86399, 999999)

Since the string representation of timedelta objects can be confusing, use the following recipe to produce a more readable format:

>>> def pretty_timedelta(td):
...     if td.days >= 0:
...         return str(td)
...     return f'-({-td!s})'
...
>>> d = timedelta(hours=-1)
>>> str(d)  # not human-friendly
'-1 day, 23:00:00'
>>> pretty_timedelta(d)
'-(1:00:00)'

類別屬性：

timedelta.min

The most negative timedelta object, timedelta(-999999999).

timedelta.max

The most positive timedelta object, timedelta(days=999999999, hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59, microseconds=999999).

timedelta.resolution

The smallest possible difference between non-equal timedelta objects, timedelta(microseconds=1).

Note that, because of normalization, timedelta.max is greater than -timedelta.min. -timedelta.max is not representable as a timedelta object.

Instance attributes (read-only):

timedelta.days

在 -999,999,999 到 999,999,999 （含）之間

timedelta.seconds

在 0 到 86,399 （含）之間

警示

It is a somewhat common bug for code to unintentionally use this attribute when it is actually intended to get a total_seconds() value instead:

>>> import datetime as dt
>>> duration = dt.timedelta(seconds=11235813)
>>> duration.days, duration.seconds
(130, 3813)
>>> duration.total_seconds()
11235813.0

timedelta.microseconds

在 0 到 999,999 （含）之間

Supported operations:

Operation	Result
t1 = t2 + t3	Sum of t2 and t3. Afterwards t1 - t2 == t3 and t1 - t3 == t2 are true. (1)
t1 = t2 - t3	Difference of t2 and t3. Afterwards t1 == t2 - t3 and t2 == t1 + t3 are true. (1)(6)
t1 = t2 * i or t1 = i * t2	Delta multiplied by an integer. Afterwards t1 // i == t2 is true, provided i != 0.
	In general, t1  * i == t1 * (i-1) + t1 is true. (1)
t1 = t2 * f or t1 = f * t2	Delta multiplied by a float. The result is rounded to the nearest multiple of timedelta.resolution using round-half-to-even.
f = t2 / t3	Division (3) of overall duration t2 by interval unit t3. Returns a float object.
t1 = t2 / f or t1 = t2 / i	Delta divided by a float or an int. The result is rounded to the nearest multiple of timedelta.resolution using round-half-to-even.
t1 = t2 // i or t1 = t2 // t3	The floor is computed and the remainder (if any) is thrown away. In the second case, an integer is returned. (3)
t1 = t2 % t3	The remainder is computed as a timedelta object. (3)
q, r = divmod(t1, t2)	Computes the quotient and the remainder: q = t1 // t2 (3) and r = t1 % t2. q is an integer and r is a timedelta object.
+t1	Returns a timedelta object with the same value. (2)
-t1	等價於 timedelta(-t1.days, -t1.seconds, -t1.microseconds)，也等價於 t1 * -1。 (1)(4)
abs(t)	Equivalent to +t when t.days >= 0, and to -t when t.days < 0. (2)
str(t)	Returns a string in the form [D day[s], ][H]H:MM:SS[.UUUUUU], where D is negative for negative t. (5)
repr(t)	Returns a string representation of the timedelta object as a constructor call with canonical attribute values.

註解：

1. 這是精確的，但可能會溢位。

2. 這是精確的，且不會溢位。

3. Division by zero raises ZeroDivisionError.

4. -timedelta.max is not representable as a timedelta object.

5. String representations of timedelta objects are normalized similarly to their internal representation. This leads to somewhat unusual results for negative timedeltas. For example:

   >>> timedelta(hours=-5)
   datetime.timedelta(days=-1, seconds=68400)
   >>> print(_)
   -1 day, 19:00:00
   

6. The expression t2 - t3 will always be equal to the expression t2 + (-t3) except when t3 is equal to timedelta.max; in that case the former will produce a result while the latter will overflow.

In addition to the operations listed above, timedelta objects support certain additions and subtractions with date and datetime objects (see below).

在 3.2 版的變更: Floor division and true division of a timedelta object by another timedelta object are now supported, as are remainder operations and the divmod() function. True division and multiplication of a timedelta object by a float object are now supported.

timedelta objects support equality and order comparisons.

In Boolean contexts, a timedelta object is considered to be true if and only if it isn't equal to timedelta(0).

實例方法：

timedelta.total_seconds()

Return the total number of seconds contained in the duration. Equivalent to td / timedelta(seconds=1). For interval units other than seconds, use the division form directly (for example, td / timedelta(microseconds=1)).

Note that for very large time intervals (greater than 270 years on most platforms) this method will lose microsecond accuracy.

在 3.2 版被加入.

用法範例：timedelta

An additional example of normalization:

>>> # Components of another_year add up to exactly 365 days
>>> import datetime as dt
>>> year = dt.timedelta(days=365)
>>> another_year = dt.timedelta(weeks=40, days=84, hours=23,
...                             minutes=50, seconds=600)
>>> year == another_year
True
>>> year.total_seconds()
31536000.0

Examples of timedelta arithmetic:

>>> import datetime as dt
>>> year = dt.timedelta(days=365)
>>> ten_years = 10 * year
>>> ten_years
datetime.timedelta(days=3650)
>>> ten_years.days // 365
10
>>> nine_years = ten_years - year
>>> nine_years
datetime.timedelta(days=3285)
>>> three_years = nine_years // 3
>>> three_years, three_years.days // 365
(datetime.timedelta(days=1095), 3)

date 物件

A date object represents a date (year, month and day) in an idealized calendar, the current Gregorian calendar indefinitely extended in both directions.

January 1 of year 1 is called day number 1, January 2 of year 1 is called day number 2, and so on. [2]

class datetime.date(year, month, day)

All arguments are required. Arguments must be integers, in the following ranges:

• MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR

• 1 <= month <= 12

• 1 <= day <= 該年該月的天數

If an argument outside those ranges is given, ValueError is raised.

Other constructors, all class methods:

classmethod date.today()

回傳目前的本地日期。

這等同於 date.fromtimestamp(time.time())。

classmethod date.fromtimestamp(timestamp)

Return the local date corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, such as is returned by time.time().

This may raise OverflowError, if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported by the platform C localtime() function, and OSError on localtime() failure. It's common for this to be restricted to years from 1970 through 2038. Note that on non-POSIX systems that include leap seconds in their notion of a timestamp, leap seconds are ignored by fromtimestamp().

在 3.3 版的變更: Raise OverflowError instead of ValueError if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported by the platform C localtime() function. Raise OSError instead of ValueError on localtime() failure.

classmethod date.fromordinal(ordinal)

Return the date corresponding to the proleptic Gregorian ordinal, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1.

ValueError is raised unless 1 <= ordinal <= date.max.toordinal(). For any date d, date.fromordinal(d.toordinal()) == d.

classmethod date.fromisoformat(date_string)

Return a date corresponding to a date_string given in any valid ISO 8601 format, with the following exceptions:

1. Reduced precision dates are not currently supported (YYYY-MM, YYYY).

2. Extended date representations are not currently supported (±YYYYYY-MM-DD).

3. Ordinal dates are not currently supported (YYYY-OOO).

範例：

>>> import datetime as dt
>>> dt.date.fromisoformat('2019-12-04')
datetime.date(2019, 12, 4)
>>> dt.date.fromisoformat('20191204')
datetime.date(2019, 12, 4)
>>> dt.date.fromisoformat('2021-W01-1')
datetime.date(2021, 1, 4)

在 3.7 版被加入.

在 3.11 版的變更: Previously, this method only supported the format YYYY-MM-DD.

classmethod date.fromisocalendar(year, week, day)

Return a date corresponding to the ISO calendar date specified by year, week and day. This is the inverse of the function date.isocalendar().

在 3.8 版被加入.

classmethod date.strptime(date_string, format)

Return a date corresponding to date_string, parsed according to format. This is equivalent to:

date(*(time.strptime(date_string, format)[0:3]))

ValueError is raised if the date_string and format can't be parsed by time.strptime() or if it returns a value which isn't a time tuple. See also strftime() 與 strptime() 的行為 and date.fromisoformat().

備註

If format specifies a day of month without a year a DeprecationWarning is emitted. This is to avoid a quadrennial leap year bug in code seeking to parse only a month and day as the default year used in absence of one in the format is not a leap year. Such format values may raise an error as of Python 3.15. The workaround is to always include a year in your format. If parsing date_string values that do not have a year, explicitly add a year that is a leap year before parsing:

>>> import datetime as dt
>>> date_string = "02/29"
>>> when = dt.date.strptime(f"{date_string};1984", "%m/%d;%Y")  # 避免閏年錯誤。
>>> when.strftime("%B %d")
'February 29'

在 3.14 版被加入.

類別屬性：

date.min

The earliest representable date, date(MINYEAR, 1, 1).

date.max

The latest representable date, date(MAXYEAR, 12, 31).

date.resolution

The smallest possible difference between non-equal date objects, timedelta(days=1).

Instance attributes (read-only):

date.year

Between MINYEAR and MAXYEAR inclusive.

date.month

在 1 到 12 （含）之間。

date.day

Between 1 and the number of days in the given month of the given year.

Supported operations:

Operation	Result
date2 = date1 + timedelta	date2 will be timedelta.days days after date1. (1)
date2 = date1 - timedelta	Computes date2 such that date2 + timedelta == date1. (2)
timedelta = date1 - date2	(3)
date1 == date2 date1 != date2	Equality comparison. (4)
date1 < date2 date1 > date2 date1 <= date2 date1 >= date2	Order comparison. (5)

註解：

1. date2 is moved forward in time if timedelta.days > 0, or backward if timedelta.days < 0. Afterward date2 - date1 == timedelta.days. timedelta.seconds and timedelta.microseconds are ignored. OverflowError is raised if date2.year would be smaller than MINYEAR or larger than MAXYEAR.

2. timedelta.seconds 和 timedelta.microseconds 被忽略。

3. This is exact, and cannot overflow. timedelta.seconds and timedelta.microseconds are 0, and date2 + timedelta == date1 after.

4. date objects are equal if they represent the same date.

   date objects that are not also datetime instances are never equal to datetime objects, even if they represent the same date.

5. date1 is considered less than date2 when date1 precedes date2 in time. In other words, date1 < date2 if and only if date1.toordinal() < date2.toordinal().

   Order comparison between a date object that is not also a datetime instance and a datetime object raises TypeError.

在 3.13 版的變更: Comparison between datetime object and an instance of the date subclass that is not a datetime subclass no longer converts the latter to date, ignoring the time part and the time zone. The default behavior can be changed by overriding the special comparison methods in subclasses.

In Boolean contexts, all date objects are considered to be true.

實例方法：

date.replace(year=self.year, month=self.month, day=self.day)

Return a new date object with the same values, but with specified parameters updated.

範例：

>>> import datetime as dt
>>> d = dt.date(2002, 12, 31)
>>> d.replace(day=26)
datetime.date(2002, 12, 26)

The generic function copy.replace() also supports date objects.

date.timetuple()

回傳一個 time.struct_time，如同 time.localtime() 所回傳。

The hours, minutes and seconds are 0, and the DST flag is -1.

d.timetuple() 等價於：

time.struct_time((d.year, d.month, d.day, 0, 0, 0, d.weekday(), yday, -1))

where yday = d.toordinal() - date(d.year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1 is the day number within the current year starting with 1 for January 1st.

date.toordinal()

Return the proleptic Gregorian ordinal of the date, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1. For any date object d, date.fromordinal(d.toordinal()) == d.

date.weekday()

回傳一個代表星期幾的整數，星期一為 0、星期日為 6。例如 date(2002, 12, 4).weekday() == 2 為星期三。也請參考 isoweekday()。

date.isoweekday()

Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 1 and Sunday is 7. For example, date(2002, 12, 4).isoweekday() == 3, a Wednesday. See also weekday(), isocalendar().

date.isocalendar()

Return a named tuple object with three components: year, week and weekday.

The ISO calendar is a widely used variant of the Gregorian calendar. [3]

The ISO year consists of 52 or 53 full weeks, and where a week starts on a Monday and ends on a Sunday. The first week of an ISO year is the first (Gregorian) calendar week of a year containing a Thursday. This is called week number 1, and the ISO year of that Thursday is the same as its Gregorian year.

For example, 2004 begins on a Thursday, so the first week of ISO year 2004 begins on Monday, 29 Dec 2003 and ends on Sunday, 4 Jan 2004:

>>> import datetime as dt
>>> dt.date(2003, 12, 29).isocalendar()
datetime.IsoCalendarDate(year=2004, week=1, weekday=1)
>>> dt.date(2004, 1, 4).isocalendar()
datetime.IsoCalendarDate(year=2004, week=1, weekday=7)

在 3.9 版的變更: Result changed from a tuple to a named tuple.

date.isoformat()

回傳一以 ISO 8601 格式 YYYY-MM-DD 表示的日期字串：

>>> import datetime as dt
>>> dt.date(2002, 12, 4).isoformat()
'2002-12-04'

date.__str__()

For a date d, str(d) is equivalent to d.isoformat().

date.ctime()

Return a string representing the date:

>>> import datetime as dt
>>> dt.date(2002, 12, 4).ctime()
'Wed Dec  4 00:00:00 2002'

d.ctime() 等價於：

time.ctime(time.mktime(d.timetuple()))

on platforms where the native C ctime() function (which time.ctime() invokes, but which date.ctime() does not invoke) conforms to the C standard.

date.strftime(format)

Return a string representing the date, controlled by an explicit format string. Format codes referring to hours, minutes or seconds will see 0 values. See also strftime() 與 strptime() 的行為 and date.isoformat().

date.__format__(format)

Same as date.strftime(). This makes it possible to specify a format string for a date object in formatted string literals and when using str.format(). See also strftime() 與 strptime() 的行為 and date.isoformat().

用法範例：date

計算一個事件的天數的範例：

>>> import time
>>> import datetime as dt
>>> today = dt.date.today()
>>> today
datetime.date(2007, 12, 5)
>>> today == dt.date.fromtimestamp(time.time())
True
>>> my_birthday = dt.date(today.year, 6, 24)
>>> if my_birthday < today:
...     my_birthday = my_birthday.replace(year=today.year + 1)
...
>>> my_birthday
datetime.date(2008, 6, 24)
>>> time_to_birthday = abs(my_birthday - today)
>>> time_to_birthday.days
202

更多 date 的用法範例：

>>> import datetime as dt
>>> d = dt.date.fromordinal(730920) # 730920th day after 1. 1. 0001
>>> d
datetime.date(2002, 3, 11)

>>> # Methods related to formatting string output
>>> d.isoformat()
'2002-03-11'
>>> d.strftime("%d/%m/%y")
'11/03/02'
>>> d.strftime("%A %d. %B %Y")
'Monday 11. March 2002'
>>> d.ctime()
'Mon Mar 11 00:00:00 2002'
>>> 'The {1} is {0:%d}, the {2} is {0:%B}.'.format(d, "day", "month")
'The day is 11, the month is March.'

>>> # Methods for extracting 'components' under different calendars
>>> t = d.timetuple()
>>> for i in t:
...     print(i)
2002                # year
3                   # month
11                  # day
0
0
0
0                   # weekday (0 = Monday)
70                  # 70th day in the year
-1
>>> ic = d.isocalendar()
>>> for i in ic:
...     print(i)
2002                # ISO year
11                  # ISO week number
1                   # ISO day number ( 1 = Monday )

>>> # A date object is immutable; all operations produce a new object
>>> d.replace(year=2005)
datetime.date(2005, 3, 11)

datetime 物件

A datetime object is a single object containing all the information from a date object and a time object.

Like a date object, datetime assumes the current Gregorian calendar extended in both directions; like a time object, datetime assumes there are exactly 3600*24 seconds in every day.

建構函式：

class datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *, fold=0)

The year, month and day arguments are required. tzinfo may be None, or an instance of a tzinfo subclass. The remaining arguments must be integers in the following ranges:

• MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR,

• 1 <= month <= 12,

• 1 <= day <= number of days in the given month and year,

• 0 <= hour < 24,

• 0 <= minute < 60,

• 0 <= second < 60,

• 0 <= microsecond < 1000000,

• fold in [0, 1]。

If an argument outside those ranges is given, ValueError is raised.

在 3.6 版的變更: 新增 fold 參數。

Other constructors, all class methods:

classmethod datetime.today()

回傳目前的本地日期與時間，且 tzinfo 為 None。

等價於：

datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time())

也請見 now()、fromtimestamp()。

This method is functionally equivalent to now(), but without a tz parameter.

classmethod datetime.now(tz=None)

Return the current local date and time.

如果選用的引數 tz 為 None 或未指定，則會像是 today()，但盡可能提供比透過 time.time() 取得的時間戳記更多位數的資訊（例如，這在有提供 C gettimeofday() 函式的平台上可能可行）。

If tz is not None, it must be an instance of a tzinfo subclass, and the current date and time are converted to tz’s time zone.

This function is preferred over today() and utcnow().

備註

Subsequent calls to datetime.now() may return the same instant depending on the precision of the underlying clock.

classmethod datetime.utcnow()

Return the current UTC date and time, with tzinfo None.

This is like now(), but returns the current UTC date and time, as a naive datetime object. An aware current UTC datetime can be obtained by calling datetime.now(timezone.utc). See also now().

警告

Because naive datetime objects are treated by many datetime methods as local times, it is preferred to use aware datetimes to represent times in UTC. As such, the recommended way to create an object representing the current time in UTC is by calling datetime.now(timezone.utc).

在 3.12 版之後被棄用: Use datetime.now() with UTC instead.

classmethod datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz=None)

Return the local date and time corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, such as is returned by time.time(). If optional argument tz is None or not specified, the timestamp is converted to the platform's local date and time, and the returned datetime object is naive.

If tz is not None, it must be an instance of a tzinfo subclass, and the timestamp is converted to tz’s time zone.

fromtimestamp() may raise OverflowError, if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported by the platform C localtime() or gmtime() functions, and OSError on localtime() or gmtime() failure. It's common for this to be restricted to years in 1970 through 2038. Note that on non-POSIX systems that include leap seconds in their notion of a timestamp, leap seconds are ignored by fromtimestamp(), and then it's possible to have two timestamps differing by a second that yield identical datetime objects. This method is preferred over utcfromtimestamp().

在 3.3 版的變更: Raise OverflowError instead of ValueError if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported by the platform C localtime() or gmtime() functions. Raise OSError instead of ValueError on localtime() or gmtime() failure.

在 3.6 版的變更: fromtimestamp() may return instances with fold set to 1.

classmethod datetime.utcfromtimestamp(timestamp)

Return the UTC datetime corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, with tzinfo None. (The resulting object is naive.)

This may raise OverflowError, if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported by the platform C gmtime() function, and OSError on gmtime() failure. It's common for this to be restricted to years in 1970 through 2038.

To get an aware datetime object, call fromtimestamp():

datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, timezone.utc)

On the POSIX compliant platforms, it is equivalent to the following expression:

datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc) + timedelta(seconds=timestamp)

except the latter formula always supports the full years range: between MINYEAR and MAXYEAR inclusive.

警告

Because naive datetime objects are treated by many datetime methods as local times, it is preferred to use aware datetimes to represent times in UTC. As such, the recommended way to create an object representing a specific timestamp in UTC is by calling datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz=timezone.utc).

在 3.3 版的變更: Raise OverflowError instead of ValueError if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported by the platform C gmtime() function. Raise OSError instead of ValueError on gmtime() failure.

在 3.15 版的變更: Accepts any real number as timestamp, not only integer or float.

在 3.12 版之後被棄用: Use datetime.fromtimestamp() with UTC instead.

classmethod datetime.fromordinal(ordinal)

Return the datetime corresponding to the proleptic Gregorian ordinal, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1. ValueError is raised unless 1 <= ordinal <= datetime.max.toordinal(). The hour, minute, second and microsecond of the result are all 0, and tzinfo is None.

classmethod datetime.combine(date, time, tzinfo=time.tzinfo)

Return a new datetime object whose date components are equal to the given date object's, and whose time components are equal to the given time object's. If the tzinfo argument is provided, its value is used to set the tzinfo attribute of the result, otherwise the tzinfo attribute of the time argument is used. If the date argument is a datetime object, its time components and tzinfo attributes are ignored.

For any datetime object d, d == datetime.combine(d.date(), d.time(), d.tzinfo).

在 3.6 版的變更: 新增 tzinfo 引數。

classmethod datetime.fromisoformat(date_string)

Return a datetime corresponding to a date_string in any valid ISO 8601 format, with the following exceptions:

1. Time zone offsets may have fractional seconds.

2. The T separator may be replaced by any single unicode character.

3. Fractional hours and minutes are not supported.

4. Reduced precision dates are not currently supported (YYYY-MM, YYYY).

5. Extended date representations are not currently supported (±YYYYYY-MM-DD).

6. Ordinal dates are not currently supported (YYYY-OOO).

範例：

>>> import datetime as dt
>>> dt.datetime.fromisoformat('2011-11-04')
datetime.datetime(2011, 11, 4, 0, 0)
>>> dt.datetime.fromisoformat('20111104')
datetime.datetime(2011, 11, 4, 0, 0)
>>> dt.datetime.fromisoformat('2011-11-04T00:05:23')
datetime.datetime(2011, 11, 4, 0, 5, 23)
>>> dt.datetime.fromisoformat('2011-11-04T00:05:23Z')
datetime.datetime(2011, 11, 4, 0, 5, 23, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
>>> dt.datetime.fromisoformat('20111104T000523')
datetime.datetime(2011, 11, 4, 0, 5, 23)
>>> dt.datetime.fromisoformat('2011-W01-2T00:05:23.283')
datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 4, 0, 5, 23, 283000)
>>> dt.datetime.fromisoformat('2011-11-04 00:05:23.283')
datetime.datetime(2011, 11, 4, 0, 5, 23, 283000)
>>> dt.datetime.fromisoformat('2011-11-04 00:05:23.283+00:00')
datetime.datetime(2011, 11, 4, 0, 5, 23, 283000, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
>>> dt.datetime.fromisoformat('2011-11-04T00:05:23+04:00')
datetime.datetime(2011, 11, 4, 0, 5, 23,
    tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(seconds=14400)))

在 3.7 版被加入.

在 3.11 版的變更: Previously, this method only supported formats that could be emitted by date.isoformat() or datetime.isoformat().

classmethod datetime.fromisocalendar(year, week, day)

Return a datetime corresponding to the ISO calendar date specified by year, week and day. The non-date components of the datetime are populated with their normal default values. This is the inverse of the function datetime.isocalendar().

在 3.8 版被加入.

classmethod datetime.strptime(date_string, format)

Return a datetime corresponding to date_string, parsed according to format.

If format does not contain microseconds or time zone information, this is equivalent to:

datetime(*(time.strptime(date_string, format)[0:6]))

ValueError is raised if the date_string and format can't be parsed by time.strptime() or if it returns a value which isn't a time tuple. See also strftime() 與 strptime() 的行為 and datetime.fromisoformat().

在 3.13 版的變更: If format specifies a day of month without a year a DeprecationWarning is now emitted. This is to avoid a quadrennial leap year bug in code seeking to parse only a month and day as the default year used in absence of one in the format is not a leap year. Such format values may raise an error as of Python 3.15. The workaround is to always include a year in your format. If parsing date_string values that do not have a year, explicitly add a year that is a leap year before parsing:

>>> import datetime as dt
>>> date_string = "02/29"
>>> when = dt.datetime.strptime(f"{date_string};1984", "%m/%d;%Y")  # 避免閏年錯誤。
>>> when.strftime("%B %d")
'February 29'

類別屬性：

datetime.min

The earliest representable datetime, datetime(MINYEAR, 1, 1, tzinfo=None).

datetime.max

The latest representable datetime, datetime(MAXYEAR, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999, tzinfo=None).

datetime.resolution

The smallest possible difference between non-equal datetime objects, timedelta(microseconds=1).

Instance attributes (read-only):

datetime.year

Between MINYEAR and MAXYEAR inclusive.

datetime.month

在 1 到 12 （含）之間。

datetime.day

Between 1 and the number of days in the given month of the given year.

datetime.hour

In range(24).

datetime.minute

In range(60).

datetime.second

In range(60).

datetime.microsecond

In range(1000000).

datetime.tzinfo

The object passed as the tzinfo argument to the datetime constructor, or None if none was passed.

datetime.fold

In [0, 1]. Used to disambiguate wall times during a repeated interval. (A repeated interval occurs when clocks are rolled back at the end of daylight saving time or when the UTC offset for the current zone is decreased for political reasons.) The values 0 and 1 represent, respectively, the earlier and later of the two moments with the same wall time representation.

在 3.6 版被加入.

Supported operations:

Operation	Result
datetime2 = datetime1 + timedelta	(1)
datetime2 = datetime1 - timedelta	(2)
timedelta = datetime1 - datetime2	(3)
datetime1 == datetime2 datetime1 != datetime2	Equality comparison. (4)
datetime1 < datetime2 datetime1 > datetime2 datetime1 <= datetime2 datetime1 >= datetime2	Order comparison. (5)

1. datetime2 is a duration of timedelta removed from datetime1, moving forward in time if timedelta.days > 0, or backward if timedelta.days < 0. The result has the same tzinfo attribute as the input datetime, and datetime2 - datetime1 == timedelta after. OverflowError is raised if datetime2.year would be smaller than MINYEAR or larger than MAXYEAR. Note that no time zone adjustments are done even if the input is an aware object.

2. Computes the datetime2 such that datetime2 + timedelta == datetime1. As for addition, the result has the same tzinfo attribute as the input datetime, and no time zone adjustments are done even if the input is aware.

3. Subtraction of a datetime from a datetime is defined only if both operands are naive, or if both are aware. If one is aware and the other is naive, TypeError is raised.

   If both are naive, or both are aware and have the same tzinfo attribute, the tzinfo attributes are ignored, and the result is a timedelta object t such that datetime2 + t == datetime1. No time zone adjustments are done in this case.

   If both are aware and have different tzinfo attributes, a-b acts as if a and b were first converted to naive UTC datetimes. The result is (a.replace(tzinfo=None) - a.utcoffset()) - (b.replace(tzinfo=None) - b.utcoffset()) except that the implementation never overflows.

4. datetime objects are equal if they represent the same date and time, taking into account the time zone.

   Naive and aware datetime objects are never equal.

   If both comparands are aware, and have the same tzinfo attribute, the tzinfo and fold attributes are ignored and the base datetimes are compared. If both comparands are aware and have different tzinfo attributes, the comparison acts as comparands were first converted to UTC datetimes except that the implementation never overflows. datetime instances in a repeated interval are never equal to datetime instances in other time zone.

5. datetime1 is considered less than datetime2 when datetime1 precedes datetime2 in time, taking into account the time zone.

   Order comparison between naive and aware datetime objects raises TypeError.

   If both comparands are aware, and have the same tzinfo attribute, the tzinfo and fold attributes are ignored and the base datetimes are compared. If both comparands are aware and have different tzinfo attributes, the comparison acts as comparands were first converted to UTC datetimes except that the implementation never overflows.

在 3.3 版的變更: Equality comparisons between aware and naive datetime instances don't raise TypeError.

在 3.13 版的變更: Comparison between datetime object and an instance of the date subclass that is not a datetime subclass no longer converts the latter to date, ignoring the time part and the time zone. The default behavior can be changed by overriding the special comparison methods in subclasses.

實例方法：

datetime.date()

Return date object with same year, month and day.

datetime.time()

Return time object with same hour, minute, second, microsecond and fold. tzinfo is None. See also method timetz().

在 3.6 版的變更: The fold value is copied to the returned time object.

datetime.timetz()

Return time object with same hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold, and tzinfo attributes. See also method time().

在 3.6 版的變更: The fold value is copied to the returned time object.

datetime.replace(year=self.year, month=self.month, day=self.day, hour=self.hour, minute=self.minute, second=self.second, microsecond=self.microsecond, tzinfo=self.tzinfo, *, fold=0)

Return a new datetime object with the same attributes, but with specified parameters updated. Note that tzinfo=None can be specified to create a naive datetime from an aware datetime with no conversion of date and time data.

datetime objects are also supported by generic function copy.replace().

在 3.6 版的變更: 新增 fold 參數。

datetime.astimezone(tz=None)

Return a datetime object with new tzinfo attribute tz, adjusting the date and time data so the result is the same UTC time as self, but in tz's local time.

If provided, tz must be an instance of a tzinfo subclass, and its utcoffset() and dst() methods must not return None. If self is naive, it is presumed to represent time in the system time zone.

If called without arguments (or with tz=None) the system local time zone is assumed for the target time zone. The .tzinfo attribute of the converted datetime instance will be set to an instance of timezone with the zone name and offset obtained from the OS.

If self.tzinfo is tz, self.astimezone(tz) is equal to self: no adjustment of date or time data is performed. Else the result is local time in the time zone tz, representing the same UTC time as self: after astz = dt.astimezone(tz), astz - astz.utcoffset() will have the same date and time data as dt - dt.utcoffset().

If you merely want to attach a timezone object tz to a datetime dt without adjustment of date and time data, use dt.replace(tzinfo=tz). If you merely want to remove the timezone object from an aware datetime dt without conversion of date and time data, use dt.replace(tzinfo=None).

Note that the default tzinfo.fromutc() method can be overridden in a tzinfo subclass to affect the result returned by astimezone(). Ignoring error cases, astimezone() acts like:

def astimezone(self, tz):
    if self.tzinfo is tz:
        return self
    # Convert self to UTC, and attach the new timezone object.
    utc = (self - self.utcoffset()).replace(tzinfo=tz)
    # Convert from UTC to tz's local time.
    return tz.fromutc(utc)

在 3.3 版的變更: tz now can be omitted.

在 3.6 版的變更: The astimezone() method can now be called on naive instances that are presumed to represent system local time.

datetime.utcoffset()

If tzinfo is None, returns None, else returns self.tzinfo.utcoffset(self), and raises an exception if the latter doesn't return None or a timedelta object with magnitude less than one day.

在 3.7 版的變更: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

datetime.dst()

If tzinfo is None, returns None, else returns self.tzinfo.dst(self), and raises an exception if the latter doesn't return None or a timedelta object with magnitude less than one day.

在 3.7 版的變更: The DST offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

datetime.tzname()

If tzinfo is None, returns None, else returns self.tzinfo.tzname(self), raises an exception if the latter doesn't return None or a string object,

datetime.timetuple()

回傳一個 time.struct_time，如同 time.localtime() 所回傳。

d.timetuple() 等價於：

time.struct_time((d.year, d.month, d.day,
                  d.hour, d.minute, d.second,
                  d.weekday(), yday, dst))

where yday = d.toordinal() - date(d.year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1 is the day number within the current year starting with 1 for January 1st. The tm_isdst flag of the result is set according to the dst() method: tzinfo is None or dst() returns None, tm_isdst is set to -1; else if dst() returns a non-zero value, tm_isdst is set to 1; else tm_isdst is set to 0.

datetime.utctimetuple()