IDLE --- Python 編輯器與 shell¶

IDLE 是 Python 的整合開發與學習環境 (Integrated Development and Learning Environment)。

IDLE 具有以下功能：

跨平台：在 Windows、Unix 和 macOS 上的運作大致相同
Python shell window（互動式直譯器）提供有色彩的程式碼輸入、輸出和錯誤訊息
多視窗文字編輯器，具有多次復原、Python 語法上色、智慧縮排、呼叫提示、自動完成等功能
能在任何視窗中搜尋、編輯器視窗中取代文字，以及搜尋多個檔案 (grep)
具有持久性斷點、能夠逐步執行和檢視全域和區域命名空間的除錯器
設定、瀏覽器和其他對話框

The IDLE application is implemented in the idlelib package.

This is an optional module. If it is missing from your copy of CPython, look for documentation from your distributor (that is, whoever provided Python to you). If you are the distributor, see 可選模組的需求.

目錄¶

IDLE has two main window types, the Shell window and the Editor window. It is possible to have multiple editor windows simultaneously. On Windows and Linux, each has its own top menu. Each menu documented below indicates which window type it is associated with.

Output windows, such as used for Edit => Find in Files, are a subtype of editor window. They currently have the same top menu but a different default title and context menu.

On macOS, there is one application menu. It dynamically changes according to the window currently selected. It has an IDLE menu, and some entries described below are moved around to conform to Apple guidelines.

File menu (Shell and Editor)¶

新增檔案: Create a new file editing window.
Open...: Open an existing file with an Open dialog.
Open Module...: Open an existing module (searches sys.path).
Recent Files: Open a list of recent files. Click one to open it.

Module Browser: Show functions, classes, and methods in the current Editor file in a tree structure. In the shell, open a module first.
Path Browser: Show sys.path directories, modules, functions, classes and methods in a tree structure.
Save: Save the current window to the associated file, if there is one. Windows that have been changed since being opened or last saved have a * before and after the window title. If there is no associated file, do Save As instead.
Save As...: Save the current window with a Save As dialog. The file saved becomes the new associated file for the window. (If your file manager is set to hide extensions, the current extension will be omitted in the file name box. If the new filename has no '.', '.py' and '.txt' will be added for Python and text files, except that on macOS Aqua,'.py' is added for all files.)
Save Copy As...: Save the current window to different file without changing the associated file. (See Save As note above about filename extensions.)
Print Window: Print the current window to the default printer.
Close Window: Close the current window (if an unsaved editor, ask to save; if an unsaved Shell, ask to quit execution). Calling exit() or close() in the Shell window also closes Shell. If this is the only window, also exit IDLE.
離開 IDLE: Close all windows and quit IDLE (ask to save unsaved edit windows).

Edit menu (Shell and Editor)¶

Undo: Undo the last change to the current window. A maximum of 1000 changes may be undone.
Redo: Redo the last undone change to the current window.
Select All（選擇全部）: Select the entire contents of the current window.
Cut（剪下）: Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.
Copy（複製）: Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.
Paste（貼上）: Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.

The clipboard functions are also available in context menus.

Find...: Open a search dialog with many options
Find Again: Repeat the last search, if there is one.
Find Selection: Search for the currently selected string, if there is one.
Find in Files...: Open a file search dialog. Put results in a new output window.
Replace...: Open a search-and-replace dialog.
Go to Line: Move the cursor to the beginning of the line requested and make that line visible. A request past the end of the file goes to the end. Clear any selection and update the line and column status.
Show Completions: Open a scrollable list allowing selection of existing names. See Completions in the Editing and Navigation section below.
Expand Word: Expand a prefix you have typed to match a full word in the same window; repeat to get a different expansion.
Show Call Tip: After an unclosed parenthesis for a function, open a small window with function parameter hints. See Calltips in the Editing and Navigation section below.
Show Surrounding Parens: Highlight the surrounding parenthesis.

Format menu (Editor window only)¶

Format Paragraph: Rewrap the text block containing the text insert cursor. Avoid code lines. See Format block in the Editing and Navigation section below.
Indent Region: Shift selected lines right by the indent width (default 4 spaces).
Dedent Region: Shift selected lines left by the indent width (default 4 spaces).
Comment Out Region: Insert ## in front of selected lines.
Uncomment Region: Remove leading # or ## from selected lines.
Tabify Region: Turn leading stretches of spaces into tabs. (Note: We recommend using 4 space blocks to indent Python code.)
Untabify Region: Turn all tabs into the correct number of spaces.
Toggle Tabs: Open a dialog to switch between indenting with spaces and tabs.
New Indent Width: Open a dialog to change indent width. The accepted default by the Python community is 4 spaces.
Strip Trailing Whitespace: Remove trailing space and other whitespace characters after the last non-whitespace character of a line by applying str.rstrip() to each line, including lines within multiline strings. Except for Shell windows, remove extra newlines at the end of the file.

Run menu (Editor window only)¶

Run Module: Do Check Module. If no error, restart the shell to clean the environment, then execute the module. Output is displayed in the Shell window. Note that output requires use of print or write. When execution is complete, the Shell retains focus and displays a prompt. At this point, one may interactively explore the result of execution. This is similar to executing a file with python -i file at a command line.

Run... Customized: Same as Run Module, but run the module with customized settings. Command Line Arguments extend sys.argv as if passed on a command line. The module can be run in the Shell without restarting.

Check Module: Check the syntax of the module currently open in the Editor window. If the module has not been saved IDLE will either prompt the user to save or autosave, as selected in the General tab of the Idle Settings dialog. If there is a syntax error, the approximate location is indicated in the Editor window.

Python Shell: Open or wake up the Python Shell window.

Debug menu (Shell window only)¶

Go to File/Line: Look on the current line. with the cursor, and the line above for a filename and line number. If found, open the file if not already open, and show the line. Use this to view source lines referenced in an exception traceback and lines found by Find in Files. Also available in the context menu of the Shell window and Output windows.

Debugger (toggle): When activated, code entered in the Shell or run from an Editor will run under the debugger. In the Editor, breakpoints can be set with the context menu. This feature is still incomplete and somewhat experimental.
Stack Viewer: Show the stack traceback of the last exception in a tree widget, with access to locals and globals.
Auto-open Stack Viewer: Toggle automatically opening the stack viewer on an unhandled exception.

Options menu (Shell and Editor)¶

Configure IDLE: Open a configuration dialog and change preferences for the following: fonts, indentation, keybindings, text color themes, startup windows and size, additional help sources, and extensions. On macOS, open the configuration dialog by selecting Preferences in the application menu. For more details, see Setting preferences under Help and preferences.

Most configuration options apply to all windows or all future windows. The option items below only apply to the active window.

Show/Hide Code Context (Editor Window only): Open a pane at the top of the edit window which shows the block context of the code which has scrolled above the top of the window. See Code Context in the Editing and Navigation section below.
Show/Hide Line Numbers (Editor Window only): Open a column to the left of the edit window which shows the number of each line of text. The default is off, which may be changed in the preferences (see Setting preferences).
Zoom/Restore Height: Toggles the window between normal size and maximum height. The initial size defaults to 40 lines by 80 chars unless changed on the General tab of the Configure IDLE dialog. The maximum height for a screen is determined by momentarily maximizing a window the first time one is zoomed on the screen. Changing screen settings may invalidate the saved height. This toggle has no effect when a window is maximized.

Help menu (Shell and Editor)¶

關於 IDLE: Display version, copyright, license, credits, and more.
IDLE Help: Display this IDLE document, detailing the menu options, basic editing and navigation, and other tips.
Python 文件: Access local Python documentation, if installed, or start a web browser and open docs.python.org showing the latest Python documentation.
Turtle Demo: Run the turtledemo module with example Python code and turtle drawings.

Additional help sources may be added here with the Configure IDLE dialog under the General tab. See the Help sources subsection below for more on Help menu choices.

Context menus¶

Open a context menu by right-clicking in a window (Control-click on macOS). Context menus have the standard clipboard functions also on the Edit menu.

Cut（剪下）: Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.
Copy（複製）: Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.
Paste（貼上）: Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.

Editor windows also have breakpoint functions. Lines with a breakpoint set are specially marked. Breakpoints only have an effect when running under the debugger. Breakpoints for a file are saved in the user's .idlerc directory.

Set Breakpoint: Set a breakpoint on the current line.
Clear Breakpoint: Clear the breakpoint on that line.

Shell and Output windows also have the following.

Go to file/line: Same as in Debug menu.

The Shell window also has an output squeezing facility explained in the Python Shell window subsection below.

Squeeze: If the cursor is over an output line, squeeze all the output between the code above and the prompt below down to a 'Squeezed text' label.

Editing and Navigation¶

Editor windows¶

IDLE may open editor windows when it starts, depending on settings and how you start IDLE. Thereafter, use the File menu. There can be only one open editor window for a given file.

The title bar contains the name of the file, the full path, and the version of Python and IDLE running the window. The status bar contains the line number ('Ln') and column number ('Col'). Line numbers start with 1; column numbers with 0.

IDLE assumes that files with a known .py* extension contain Python code and that other files do not. Run Python code with the Run menu.

Key bindings¶

The IDLE insertion cursor is a thin vertical bar between character positions. When characters are entered, the insertion cursor and everything to its right moves right one character and the new character is entered in the new space.

Several non-character keys move the cursor and possibly delete characters. Deletion does not puts text on the clipboard, but IDLE has an undo list. Wherever this doc discusses keys, 'C' refers to the Control key on Windows and Unix and the Command key on macOS. (And all such discussions assume that the keys have not been re-bound to something else.)

Arrow keys move the cursor one character or line.
C-LeftArrow and C-RightArrow moves left or right one word.
Home and End go to the beginning or end of the line.
Page Up and Page Down go up or down one screen.
C-Home and C-End go to beginning or end of the file.
Backspace and Del (or C-d) delete the previous or next character.
C-Backspace and C-Del delete one word left or right.
C-k deletes ('kills') everything to the right.

Standard keybindings (like C-c to copy and C-v to paste) may work. Keybindings are selected in the Configure IDLE dialog.

Automatic indentation¶

After a block-opening statement, the next line is indented by 4 spaces (in the Python Shell window by one tab). After certain keywords (break, return etc.) the next line is dedented. In leading indentation, Backspace deletes up to 4 spaces if they are there. Tab inserts spaces (in the Python Shell window one tab), number depends on Indent width. Currently, tabs are restricted to four spaces due to Tcl/Tk limitations.

See also the indent/dedent region commands on the