`types` --- 動態型別建立與內建型別名稱¶

This module defines utility functions to assist in dynamic creation of new types.

It also defines names for some object types that are used by the standard Python interpreter, but not exposed as builtins like int or str are.

Finally, it provides some additional type-related utility classes and functions that are not fundamental enough to be builtins.

Dynamic Type Creation¶

types.new_class(name, bases=(), kwds=None, exec_body=None)¶

Creates a class object dynamically using the appropriate metaclass.

The first three arguments are the components that make up a class definition header: the class name, the base classes (in order), the keyword arguments (such as metaclass).

The exec_body argument is a callback that is used to populate the freshly created class namespace. It should accept the class namespace as its sole argument and update the namespace directly with the class contents. If no callback is provided, it has the same effect as passing in lambda ns: None.

在 3.3 版被加入.

types.prepare_class(name, bases=(), kwds=None)¶

Calculates the appropriate metaclass and creates the class namespace.

The arguments are the components that make up a class definition header: the class name, the base classes (in order) and the keyword arguments (such as metaclass).

The return value is a 3-tuple: metaclass, namespace, kwds

metaclass is the appropriate metaclass, namespace is the prepared class namespace and kwds is an updated copy of the passed in kwds argument with any 'metaclass' entry removed. If no kwds argument is passed in, this will be an empty dict.

在 3.3 版被加入.

在 3.6 版的變更: The default value for the namespace element of the returned tuple has changed. Now an insertion-order-preserving mapping is used when the metaclass does not have a __prepare__ method.

也參考

Metaclasses: Full details of the class creation process supported by these functions
PEP 3115 - Metaclasses in Python 3000: Introduced the __prepare__ namespace hook

types.resolve_bases(bases)¶

Resolve MRO entries dynamically as specified by PEP 560.

This function looks for items in bases that are not instances of type, and returns a tuple where each such object that has an __mro_entries__() method is replaced with an unpacked result of calling this method. If a bases item is an instance of type, or it doesn't have an __mro_entries__() method, then it is included in the return tuple unchanged.

在 3.7 版被加入.

types.get_original_bases(cls, /)¶

Return the tuple of objects originally given as the bases of cls before the __mro_entries__() method has been called on any bases (following the mechanisms laid out in PEP 560). This is useful for introspecting Generics.

For classes that have an __orig_bases__ attribute, this function returns the value of cls.__orig_bases__. For classes without the __orig_bases__ attribute, cls.__bases__ is returned.

舉例來說：

from typing import TypeVar, Generic, NamedTuple, TypedDict

T = TypeVar("T")
class Foo(Generic[T]): ...
class Bar(Foo[int], float): ...
class Baz(list[str]): ...
Eggs = NamedTuple("Eggs", [("a", int), ("b", str)])
Spam = TypedDict("Spam", {"a": int, "b": str})

assert Bar.__bases__ == (Foo, float)
assert get_original_bases(Bar) == (Foo[int], float)

assert Baz.__bases__ == (list,)
assert get_original_bases(Baz

types --- 動態型別建立與內建型別名稱¶

Dynamic Type Creation¶

`types` --- 動態型別建立與內建型別名稱¶